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                <text>Weltall Erde Mensch (Space Earth Human), a pair of mosaics on each side of a wall, by Otto Schutzmeister from 1974 in Eisenhüttenstadt, Brandenburg, Germany</text>
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                <text>This mosaic mural has two sides, &lt;em&gt;Mikrokosmos&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Makrokosmos.&lt;/em&gt; On the front, &lt;em&gt;Mikrokosmos&lt;/em&gt; depicts scientists and celebrates nuclear energy. On the back, &lt;em&gt;Makrokosmos&lt;/em&gt; depicts astronauts and celebrates space exploration. Schutzmeister created the mosaics three years after the first nuclear power plant opened in the GDR and the year after the death of Yuri Gagarin, the first person in space. The mosaics are on the grounds of an apartment complex in Eisenhüttenstadt, which was founded in 1950 as the first socialist model city in the GDR. Its name means "Ironworks City," but it was also known as Stalinstadt from 1953 to 1961. &lt;em&gt;Weltall Erde Mensch&lt;/em&gt; is the title of the book that East German teens received from 1954 to 1974 for participating in the Jugendweihe ceremony.</text>
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                <text>Copyright Martin Maleschka</text>
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                <text>Sieben stolze Schwestern küsst das eine Meer (Seven Proud Sisters Kissed by One Sea), a fountain sculpture by Reinhard Dietrich from 1970 in Rostock.</text>
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                <text>Located in Kröpeliner-Tor-Vorstadt, this fountain sculpture symbolizes peace and friendship between the seven countries that bordered the Baltic Sea in 1970. The metaphorical Seven Proud Sisters are the German Democratic Republic, Poland, the Soviet Union, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany.  Since 1991, nine countries border the Baltic Sea because Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia became independent. Germany reunified the previous year. This sculpture was relocated in 2008.</text>
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                <text>Photograph: February 12, 2011</text>
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                  <text>Who were the artists who made some of the most recognizable public art in the former GDR? Surprisingly, they were not all from the GDR, and some even came from Western Europe. Why did they make their art? Learn about their lives and motivations.</text>
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                <text>Josep Renau</text>
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                <text>Josep Renau, Spanish artist active in the GDR</text>
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                <text>Josep Renau Berenguer made one of the GDR's most recognizable public mosaics, but he was born in Valencia, Spain in 1907. &lt;span&gt;From 1919 to 1925, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Renau studied at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;San Carlos Art Academy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; in Valencia. He &lt;/span&gt;was in charge of the Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 World Exposition in Paris and commissioned Pablo Picasso's &lt;em&gt;Guernica&lt;/em&gt; for it. Renau was a communist and opposed General Franco. As a result, he was forced to flee Spain in 1939 to avoid a death sentence and ended up in Mexico. In Mexico, he made film posters, photomontages, and murals, including collaborations with David Alfaro Siqueiros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 1958, he moved to the GDR. During his time there, he made mural mosaics that can still be seen in Halle (Saale), Erfuhrt, and Halle-Neustadt. Renau’s exile ended in 1976, and he returned to Spain to work. However, when his health started to decline in 1982, he returned to the GDR and died in a hospital in East Berlin.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Ricardo Martín, photographer</text>
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                <text>La Pajarera</text>
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                <text>1981</text>
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                <text>Copyright Ricardo Martín</text>
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                <text>East Germany and West Germany reunify.</text>
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                <text>France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, giving up their authority over Germany and clearing the way for reunification.</text>
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                <text>East and West Germany sign the Unification Treaty.</text>
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                <text>The Brandenberg Gate opens, and West Germans are allowed into East Germany.</text>
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                <text>East Germany adopts the Deutsche Mark.</text>
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                <text>Lev Efimovich Kerbel with works including a sketch for his monumental bust of Karl Marx. He sculpted several monuments of famous Communist leaders in the GDR. However, he always professed to be more interested in art than politics. Visit the Oral Histories page to listen to his daughter Sasha Kerbel talk about his life and legacy.</text>
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                <text>Ida Kar, photographer</text>
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                <text>Ronald Paris stands in front of the draft of his mural for the Theater in Schwedt 2013 in Potsdam. Despite being a loyal socialist, Paris was more openly critical of the SED and the GDR. He was previously married to the artist Helga Paris and called dissident poet Wolf Biermann one of his closest friends.</text>
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                <text>Walter Womacka poses in front of his painting, &lt;em&gt;Wounded Bull&lt;/em&gt; (1997), at a reception at Kunstarchiv Beeskow. The bull pieced with banderillas (decorated, barbed wooden sticks used by bullfighters) is a recurring motif in Womacka's paintings after 1990. The Coca-Cola logo on the side of the ring, the naked spectators, and the signs they hold demonstrate a critique of materialism, consumerism and the culture of excesses in a capitalist society.&lt;br /&gt;Womacka received more state commissions from the GDR than perhaps any other artist and achieved international success. He loved the GDR until the end of his life.</text>
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                <text>Brunnen der Völkerfreundschaft (Fountain of International Friendship) in Berlin-Alexanderplatz designed by Walter Womacka and installed in 1970</text>
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                <text>This fountain is made of copper, ceramics, glass, and enamel. It has 17 leaf-shaped fountains on columns on the upper level. The lower level features vibrantly painted plants and animals and 8 protruding flower-shaped fountains. It was unveiled in honor of the 21st anniversary of the GDR's founding and underwent a significant restoration in 2022. East Berliners did not like its colorful enamel decorations and called it the Nutterbrosche (Hooker's Brooch).</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Creative Commons</text>
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                <text>This mural features Fischer's signature colorful cartoonlike style that is inspired by socialist realism. It references the Peaceful Revolution in Leipzig on October 9, 1989. During the Peaceful Revolution, 70,000 people protested without the violent backlash expected from GDR authorities. The protesters depicted in the mural hold up signs with the same slogans seen at the protests. Fischer painted the mural to commemorate the Peaceful Revolution's 20th anniversary.</text>
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                <text>Photograph: 2017</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="147">
                <text>Copyright Mazzanti</text>
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                <text>Vagabundler</text>
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                  <text>Murals</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Of Human Responsibility</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Von der Verantwortung des Menschen (Of Human Responsibility) a mural painted by Ronald Paris in Rostock-Evershagen in 1976</text>
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                <text>A poem by Paul Eluard inspired this mural, which included a quote by him at the bottom. The first photo shows the mural as Paris painted it in 1976. Unfortunately, this mural is one of the most endangered pieces of GDR public art. Although Paris used the durable medium of lime plaster, the wind and rain of coastal Rostock eroded the paint. It was not preserved and had almost completely faded away by 2009, when Cooper took the second photo. Still, no effort was made to restore or preserve the mural, and it appears further deteriorated in Martin Maleschka's book &lt;em&gt;Baubezogene Kunst, &lt;/em&gt;published in 2019.</text>
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                <text>Ronald Paris, artist</text>
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                <text>Jim Cooper, photographer</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>Second photograph: August 2011</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Copyright Jim Cooper</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>This mosaic was originally made in 1976 and installed at Moskauer Platz. It was dismantled in 2012 ahead of the building's demolition. It was reinstalled on the exterior of a shopping center in 2019. It is one of the most expensive and high-profile restorations of GDR-era public art.</text>
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                <text>Photograph: August 17, 2020</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Copyright Angel Requena Fraile</text>
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                <text>Turismo Matemático</text>
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                <text>Creative Commons license</text>
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                <text>These murals are only a few that decorate the basement of the Akademie der Künste. All murals predate the Berlin Wall, erected in 1961. They offer insight into the GDR's art school culture before the Wall and the restrictive way of life that came with it. The Bilderkeller was closed to the public for 30 years. It reopened in 2018 and is available to visit and tour. It is the only remaining part of the original building.</text>
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                <text>Copyright VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn</text>
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                <text>Shaw and Graetz made this anti-American GDR poster in response to a visit by John McCloy, US High Commissioner for Germany in 1950. Unlike many of the artists who were born in the GDR or other parts of the Soviet Bloc, these artists settled in East Berlin after World War II. Shaw was born in Northern Ireland, and Graetz grew up in Switzerland.</text>
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                  <text>Murals</text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Murals</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>mural</text>
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          <name>Physical Dimensions</name>
          <description>The actual physical size of the original image</description>
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              <text>110 square meters</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>He Stirred the Sleep of the World</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Er rührte an den Schlaf der Welt (He Stirred the Sleep of the World) in Halle-Neustadt painted by Erich Enge in 1971.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This mural's title refers to a famous GDR &lt;a href="https://youtu.be/fyO_-oDtvGU" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;song from 1967 by Ernst Busch&lt;/a&gt;, which is based on a 1929 poem about Lenin by Johannes Robert Becher. The song celebrates Lenin's contributions to literacy, land reform and electricity as the leader of the Soviet Union. Enge depicted these themes surrounding Lenin's portrait. In the 1990s, the mural's 66 cement plates were dismantled, cleaned and remounted in their original location. It is one of 24 monuments dedicated solely to Lenin that remain in public spaces in the former GDR.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Erich Enge, artist</text>
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                <text>Carlos Gomes, photographer</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1971</text>
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                <text>Photograph: January 25, 2020</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Copyright Carlos Gomes</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://leninisstillaround.com/" target="_blank" title="Lenin Is Still Around" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Lenin Is Still Around&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <name>1970s</name>
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        <name>art</name>
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      <tag tagId="41">
        <name>communism</name>
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        <name>DDR</name>
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        <name>Erich Enge</name>
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        <name>GDR</name>
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        <name>Halle</name>
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        <name>Halle-Neustadt</name>
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        <name>Malerei</name>
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        <name>mural</name>
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      <tag tagId="54">
        <name>Sachsen-Anhalt</name>
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        <name>Vladimir Lenin</name>
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      <tag tagId="48">
        <name>Wandbild</name>
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