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Sculpture: 9 m</text>
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                <text>Gedenkstätte revolutionärer Matrosen (Memorial of Revolutionary Sailors) monument by Reinhard Dietrich &amp; Wolfgang Eckard, 1971-1977 in Rostock.</text>
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                <text>This monument references the Kiel mutiny and other sailors' revolts that led to the end of World War I. The sailors are naked despite its serious subject. Their nudity shows off their physical prowess as workers and reflects the GDR's relaxed attitude toward public nudity (Freikörperkultur).</text>
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                <text>Reinhard Dietrich, artist </text>
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                <text>Creative Commons license</text>
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                <text>Ernst-Thälmann-Monument created 1981-1986 by Lev Kerbel in Ernst-Thälmann-Park, Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin</text>
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                <text>Ernst Thälmann (1886-1944) was a German Communist party leader. The Nazis imprisoned him in 1933 and shot him at Buchenwald in 1944. Although Thälmann never lived to see the end of World War II, the SED (the GDR's founding and ruling party) coopted his biography and image, immortalizing him as part of the nation's founding mythology. This monument was unveiled as a gift to the citizens to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Thälmann's birth in Ernst-Thälmann-Park. The monument was controversial because the GDR's government chose a Soviet sculptor and demolished historically protected gasworks to ensure a perfect view of the monument in the park. East Berliners resented its grandiosity and gave it unflattering nicknames. Although smaller Thälmann monuments were removed after the GDR's collapse, this statue still stands. However, plaques with Communist slogans have been removed from its base.</text>
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                <text>Lev Kerbel, sculptor</text>
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                <text>1986</text>
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                <text>Photograph: May 9, 2021</text>
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                <text>Karl Marx monument by Lev Kerbel in Chemnitz (formerly Karl-Marx-Stadt in the GDR), dedicated in 1971.</text>
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                <text>The monument is 42 feet high and weighs 40 tons. The bronze head sits atop two granite pedestals. The wall behind it contains a multilingual inscription of a rallying cry for workers to unite from &lt;em&gt;The Communist Manifesto&lt;/em&gt;, for which Marx is famous. Marx was born in Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, and has no biographical connection to Chemnitz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1953, the GDR government renamed Chemnitz to Karl-Marx-Stadt, to honor the 70th anniversary of Marx's death. They also hired Kerbel to design and cast a monument of the city's namesake. Kerbel's design is minimalist and contrasts with other socialist-realist monuments because there is no body with which to strike a triumphant pose. Kerbel wanted to emphasize Marx as a philosopher and believed this only required Marx's head and facial expression. The monument is advertised as the second-largest freestanding head in the world. Locally, it is called the "Nishel," the Saxon word for "head." In 1990, citizens voted to change the city's name back to Chemnitz. They decided to keep the massive sculpture and seem to take pride in it. Until 2007, the city's official motto referred to the head.</text>
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                <text>Lev Kerbel, artist</text>
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                <text>Photograph: 1990</text>
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                <text>Copyright Thomas Hoepker / Magnum Photos</text>
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